小楷书写技巧？

在书法史上，小楷是从隶书出，也就是汉代就有了小楷书法的雏形了，小楷书法一般是指直径在1厘米到3厘米之间的楷书书法。

毛笔

一般用“七紫三羊”毛笔，直径6mm–7mm，出锋30mm–35mm。并且每个人的用笔习惯和用笔感觉不同，笔的大小是不同的。而且小楷也要看字是多大的小楷，是蚕豆大的字还是蝇头小楷，它们的用笔也会不同。注意：大笔可写小字，反之则不成。

制作毛笔笔头的原料以羊毛、黄鼠狼尾毛居多。笔头的材料不同，书写的效果也是不同的感觉。习笔之人皆知，黄鼠狼尾毛享有软黄金的美誉，十分珍贵。羊毫也不是随便就能凑合的。因此毛料选材很重要。

一支好的小楷毛笔应具备弹性好且耐用的特点。就平常比较难书写的撇、捺、钩，若想写的行云流水般酣畅淋漓，毛笔的弹性是良好手感的又一个因素。

古法制作流程，一支毛笔要经过独特的制作选料、理毛、去脂、去绒、齐毛、切料、混毛、剔毛、配料、梳衬、捲笔、披毫、上灰、绑等几十道工序的处理。有的工序要反复做十几遍甚至更多，才能保证品质的精良，从而达到尖、圆、齐、健等各大要求。

技巧

小楷书法深受书法爱好者的喜爱，其主要原因是它具备了人们对汉字书法的审美观点是一致的，作为小楷书法来说，它有点画精致、笔力刚劲、法度严谨、质朴简明的主要特点，这些特点在书法的书写上也反映了书写者的功力和技法水平，同时，也反映了书写者内在的气质所在。因此，小楷书法可以说是人的内心世界的反映，说明了书写者平和的气质、文静的心态和一定的审美与修养水平。小楷的点画在形态上是很富有变化的，相传钟繇小楷，点画各异，右军作字书，万字不同。为了便于初学者切实扼要的掌握此法，试图用比较通俗的语言作一些介绍。

一、点 法

点犹如人的眼睛，在字中起着点睛和相互映带的作用。小楷的点在用笔上有独立点和连带点两种类型；在形状上有三角点、小撇点、小提点和小竖点四种基本类型。

独立点

独立点，即单独存在，与其他笔画之间不做连接，但笔断意连。书写时要求笔尖落纸后轻灵果断，顺势收笔。收笔笔势直接朝向下一笔，以求相互呼应。如“之”“以”“为（爲）”“黯”等字

连带点

连带点，即点与点之间，或点、画之间有牵连，使得点、画之间更显气脉贯通，摇曳多姿。书写时要带一些行书弹跳笔意，用笔迅捷，一气呵成。如“烟”“则（則）”“终（終）”“樵”等字。

三角点、小撇点、小提点、小竖点

小楷作点以露锋居多，形状各异。三角点，露锋入笔向右下按笔铺毫，落点要轻，收笔时轻顿，迅速转锋回收；小撇点，侧锋入笔后向左下角快速收笔；小提点，下笔稍重向右上方逐渐提笔，动作不要太大，取仰势；小竖点即竖的缩写。下笔侧锋斜入，向下直行然后驻笔收锋。如图：“思”“六”“心”“堂”等字。

二、横 画

横画又称为勒，所谓勒有愈收愈紧之意，发笔时要逆入，收笔电动机回顾，行笔时要意有所顾，逆势涩进，《禁经》所谓“画如长锥之界石”喻其不可太光滑浮薄之意。

凡写长画，当于不平中求平，使其画势上平而下呈拱状，就象一只覆舟之样，切忌上平下亦平，则板刻之弊立见，柳宗元《八法颂》中说：“勒常患平”即是此意。

横画又要贵于变化，陈绎曾《翰林要诀》中说：“凡平画忌如算子，终篇展玩，不见横画，始是书法。”所谓不见横画即是指无平行齐头，板刻凝滞之笔。

长横

长横一般两头粗中间细，45度角左右露锋入笔，行笔至三分之一处逐渐开始提笔变细，略带弧意，尾部45度角左右圆转迅速收锋。长横用笔需果断自然，轻重缓急，起伏有度。如图：“晋”“右”“古”“军”等字。

短横

短横一般分为平横和左尖横两种。

平横短小，粗细基本一致，没有太大的提按变化；左尖横，尖锋入笔后按笔圆收，呈左边尖细右边粗圆体态，虚实相生。小短横与左尖横的用笔都要轻灵洒脱。如“天”“王”“夫”“其”等字。

三、竖

凡写竖画，当于曲势中求挺拔，则见笔力。古人称竖画为努法，努有用力之意。李溥光《雪庵八法》中说：“努之为法，用弯行曲扭，如挺千斤之力。”这是一种富有弹性和力度的曲线之美，或向、或背、或背中有向，或向中有背，或势直而局部曲，最不可板滞，故柳宗元《八法颂》中说：“努过直则力败。”就是这个意思。竖一般分为两种。一种是悬针竖，一种是垂露竖。

四、折

小楷的折笔分为两种。一种是方折，一种是圆折。方折用顿笔，棱角分明，骨力外露；圆折用转笔，婉转通畅，含蓄内敛。如“争”“里”“即”“国”等字。

五、长撇

长撇，古人又称之为“掠”法。

古人云：“掠如篦之掠发，此乃斜悬针而末锋飞起，宜出锋处送笔力到而匀，不可半途击出，则无力而瘦弱”。故作掠之法，颈部要细，腰部微弯曲，宜肥劲有力。颜真卿《八法颂》说：“掠仿佛以宜肥”。出锋时当以腕送，饱满尖锐，万不可作虚尖斜拂之状。

六、短撇

短撇，古人称之为“啄”法。

“啄”者，如鸟之啄物，锐而且速，喻其用笔当迅捷、爽利、明快。陈绎曾《翰林要诀》中说：“点首撇尾，左出微仰，如鸟喙之啄物”。

七、捺

作捺之法，一波三折，势宜开张。李溥光《雪庵八法》中说：“险横三过，而开揭其势力。”行笔宜抑扬顿挫，不徐不疾，从容不迫。收笔时，须笔战行右出，意即写捺角时笔画满捺，已带侧势，须用腕法带动笔锋，逐步衄挫，边走边提，将锋提到离纸之时。

唐太宗《笔法论》中说：“磔须战笔发外，得意徐乃出之。”所谓“得意”即收笔时能将笔锋收归画中。

小楷的捺一般分直捺、曲捺和反捺三种。

斜捺

斜捺露起露收，入笔带虚尖，然后向右下方行笔，笔毫斜铺展开，出捺角时顿笔平收。直捺显阳刚率真。如“人”“受”等字。

平捺

平捺有前后都露锋和前后都藏锋等多种写法。无论何种写法，用笔都强调一波三折，灵活舒展。如“之”“道”等字。

反捺

反捺和斜捺相反，一收一放。反捺，尖锋入纸后向右下方逐渐按笔加重，后转笔藏收。反捺不出锋，显含蓄内敛。如“衣”“破”等字。

八、挑

挑画多用在字的左边，其势向右上斜出，与右边的点画相策应，形成相背拱揖的笔势。下笔稍重，斜向右上方行笔，出锋稍快，取仰势。挑画书写时注意笔速不要过慢，过慢容易滞板。如“林”“或”“法”“经”等字。

九、钩

钩法，古人谓之趯法，有跳跃之意，陈思《八法详说》中说：“趯须蹲锋得势而出，出则暗收”。

所谓蹲锋，即出钩之前先向下作一快速的按笔动作，如人跳高时跃起前的半蹲动作一样，所谓“得势而出”即指蹲锋后在恰到好处时迅速出钩，不可迟疑，若佇思稍息则神纵不坠矣，出钩时要力送到笔尖，钩要饱满，不可虚尖怯露。

硬笔

字的间架结构好坏，直接影响其美观、气质。硬笔书法独体字的书法结构较难掌握，需要注意整个字的整体美感、主笔、副笔的区分。

技巧

一、点

硬笔楷书点画的基本写法，轻轻的起笔，逐渐加力，停顿一下，再回峰。回峰对于硬笔来说，幅度不宜过大，往往只是一个动作。

右点：下笔轻，由轻到中向右下行笔，稍按后即收笔，不能重描，一次成画。关键要有行笔过程，万不可笔尖一着纸就收笔。

左点：起笔露锋，行笔的笔锋向左，边行边按，收笔藏锋。注意，收笔时向右回峰收笔，即藏锋。

二、横

横画在汉字中起着横梁般的作用，它的长短变化则平衡整个汉字结构，因此，既要坚挺扎实，又要生动活泼。写横画不论长短，为适合人的视觉效果，都要写得左低右高，略带斜势。

短横：写法是轻起笔，向右逐渐用力，最后轻顿笔回锋收笔，左低右高，左细右粗。

长横：写时起笔作顿，然后向右上行笔，结束处顿笔回锋收笔。由于两头用笔重，行笔慢，中间用笔轻，行笔快，往往写出来的长横就是两头粗，中间细，中间平直的地方略带弧度。

三、竖

垂露竖：起笔向右下方顿笔，向下垂直行笔，不宜过用力，收笔时，顿笔回峰。注意：回峰方向，要根据下一笔的位置来定回峰方向。短竖书写方法相同。

悬针竖：右下落笔，用力下按，转锋向下运行，力度由重到轻，根据字体大小，大概四分之三处提笔出锋。注意，根据要写的字的大小来判断竖笔的长短。

四、撇

斜撇，起笔稍顿笔，收笔处要出锋。行笔速度由慢到快，如小鸟俯冲路过水面。形状上“前直后弯”要注意倾斜角度。

竖撇，书写方法同短撇，运笔稍长，方向先垂直向下，四分之三处提笔撇出收笔。注意：弧度的把控。

五、捺

捺分为斜捺和平捺，书写方法相同，斜捺，下笔较轻(轻落笔)，向右下由轻到重行笔，行至捺脚处重按笔，然后向右水平方向由重到轻提笔拖出，收笔要出尖。平捺，起笔向右运笔，相当于写一个小短横，再向右下方运笔，出尖前按笔向右出锋提笔，锋不宜太长。

钢笔楷书的特点是：用笔有提顿、藏露、方圆、快慢等讲究；笔画起收有序、笔笔分明、坚实有力、停而不断、直而不僵、流畅自然;结构上强调笔画和部首均衡分布、重心平稳、比例适当、字型端正、合乎规范。

练习

选择合适的字帖临摹

要练习小楷了，首先至少得准备一本小楷字帖。历史上的小楷名家如王羲之、钟繇、赵孟頫、文征明等，多不胜数，自己可以从网上查看这些名家的小楷作品，选择一本自己喜欢的字帖作为范本。好的范本选择很关键，古人讲：取法乎上得乎其中。所以我们建议选小楷字帖时最好选清代以前名家小楷范本。

文征明《摩诃般若波罗蜜多心经》

从易到难坚持练习

练习方法：首先从《灵飞经》、《黄庭经》、《汲黯传》等名家小楷帖子入手比，因为是最历史上经典的，代表小楷的高峰，建议首先通临，找出规律，再从笔画精细出下工夫，然后是单个字关注结构，还有就是运笔初学恪守：指实掌虚，指死腕活。先守住这8个字，坚持一段时间再慢慢灵活用笔，达到死去活来的效果。

对于初学者来说，好的书法工具无异于雪里送炭。可以帮助学习者更快的取得学习书法进步 ，对于有一定基础的书法爱好者来说则是锦上添花，更能发挥出应有的水平。所以悉心选择好自己心仪的法帖，选择好的毛笔，适合自己的纸质。这个过程本身就是一件令人赏心悦目的快事！再加上个人冬去春来，日积月累的坚持临习，就一定会练出有功底的漂亮小楷的。

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